A variable pitch propeller provides an optimum angle of attack for the propeller blades for a longer range which reduces fuel usage, fixed pitch propellers only have a certain rpm.

The critical angle of attack is the angle of attack which produces maximum lift coefficient.

This is also called the "stall angle of attack".

Yes, with the modern high bypass turbofans the N1 compressor works as a huge propeller, it takes a big mass of air and gives it a relative small acceleration.

Around 70% of the air will bypass the core of the engine, only 30% of air will be compressed further and will eventually go through the combustion chamber.

The FMA indicates what system is controlling the aircraft and what mode is operational.

Non Directional Beacon, a medium range radio navigation aid that sends out a signal in all directions for an aircraft to home to.

High lift devices increase the lift produced by a wing, allowing the aircraft to operate at lower speed ranges usually for take off and landing.

New York to London (flying east) would take less time because of the Polar front westerly jet stream.

To notify the crew of the aircraft of a particular position on the IAP.

Locators have been largely replaced with Distance Measuring Equipment (DME), but they can sometimes be found associated with Outer or Middle Markers where they are referred to as Locator Outer Marker (LOM) or Locator Middle Marker (LMM).

It's the wing area divided by the wing span.

The angle between between the chord line and the aircraft's longitudinal axis. It's a fixed angle for wings, but variable for variable incidence tailplanes.